🌸
The Longevity
Vitamin - Like Compound ...
PQQ
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https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/news/behind-scenes-look-longevity ...
🌸
The mitochondria are referred to as the energy powerhouses of our cells.
But like parts in a machine,
they become damaged and dysfunctional over time.
🌸
A compound called pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ)
helps stimulate the creation of healthy new mitochondria.
🌸
The Longevity
Vitamin - Like Compound ...
PQQ
🌸
https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/news/behind-scenes-look-longevity ...
🌸
The mitochondria are referred to as the energy powerhouses of our cells.
But like parts in a machine,
they become damaged and dysfunctional over time.
🌸
A compound called pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ)
helps stimulate the creation of healthy new mitochondria.
🌸
What is PQQ ?
🌸
Pyrroloquinoline quinone, also called methoxatin,
is a redox cofactor and antioxidant.
Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase is used as a glucose sensor in bacteria.
PQQ stimulates growth in bacteria.
Wikipedia
🌸
🌸
Pyrroloquinoline quinone, also called methoxatin,
is a redox cofactor and antioxidant.
Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase is used as a glucose sensor in bacteria.
PQQ stimulates growth in bacteria.
Wikipedia
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🌸
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🌸
https://neurohacker.com/what-you-can-gain-from-taking-pyrroloquinoline-quinone-pqq
🌸
WHAT YOU CAN GAIN
FROM TAKING
PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE (PQQ)
🌸
https://neurohacker.com/what-you-can-gain-from-taking-pyrroloquinoline-quinone-pqq
🌸
WHAT YOU CAN GAIN
FROM TAKING
PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE (PQQ)
🌸
A great example of a nootropic that has a lot of benefits, but isn’t examined closely is pyrroloquinoline quinone. While many may focus on the surface level benefits from taking it, understanding how it works reveals the full impact it can have on the human body.
WHAT IS PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE?
Simply saying the words pyrroloquinoline quinone is a bit of a mouthful, so most people prefer to use the abbreviation PQQ. It’s also called methoxatin.
So what is PQQ?
At one point, PQQ was thought to be a type of vitamin, but after further studies, researchers determined that while it has some vitamin-like qualities, it was only a related nutrient. PQQ can act as a cofactor, or enzyme booster, in the REDOX process(Reduction Oxidation). Because of its involvement in REDOX, PQQ offers certain anti-oxidative effects. PQQ is most commonly found in kiwi, green peppers, and parsley, but many people choose to incorporate it in their diets through PQQ supplements.
WHAT IS PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE?
Simply saying the words pyrroloquinoline quinone is a bit of a mouthful, so most people prefer to use the abbreviation PQQ. It’s also called methoxatin.
So what is PQQ?
At one point, PQQ was thought to be a type of vitamin, but after further studies, researchers determined that while it has some vitamin-like qualities, it was only a related nutrient. PQQ can act as a cofactor, or enzyme booster, in the REDOX process(Reduction Oxidation). Because of its involvement in REDOX, PQQ offers certain anti-oxidative effects. PQQ is most commonly found in kiwi, green peppers, and parsley, but many people choose to incorporate it in their diets through PQQ supplements.
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Perhaps most notable is PQQ’s impact on mitochondria.
Mitochondria provide our cells with energy (ATP) and regulate cellular metabolism. Researchers have looked extensively at the impact PPQ has on mitochondria and have found that PQQ can increase the number of mitochondria and even improve their efficiency. This is a big reason why PQQ is so beneficial.
PQQ BENEFITS
Having mitochondria that operate at peak performance is so important to living a healthy life, which means there are a number of benefits you can experience while taking PPQ. Here are some of the most noteworthy ones.
IMPROVED ENERGY
Since mitochondria produce energy for the cell, and PQQ helps mitochondria work more efficiently, there is an overall increase of energy within your cells. The unused cellular energy is transferred to other parts of your body. If you struggle to have energy to make it through the day, or you experience fatigue or lethargy, this added boost of energy from PPQ will be important to you.
One study found that participants who reported having problems with their energy, experienced a noticeable decrease in their fatigue after taking PQQ. If you’re looking for a boost to your energy, PQQ may help with that.
BETTER SLEEP
Participants in the study mentioned above also reported that they were able to sleep better after taking PQQ for 8 weeks. Prior to beginning the study, these patients had been experiencing sleeping problems. PQQ seems to reduce the amount of cortisol, or stress hormone, within patients and improve their sleep. While PQQ’s benefits to sleep haven’t been studied thoroughly, these initial results seem promising.
ENHANCING MEMORY
With a reduced amount of stress, researchers have begun to see improvements to memory. In this case, the combination of PQQ and CoQ10 may lead to memory enhancement and promoting cognitive health. CoQ10, like PQQ, is another nutrient that can offer support to the body’s mitochondria. Many patients often look at PQQ and CoQ10 as an either/or option, but taking one and ignoring the other may result in missing out on some big benefits.
OTHER BENEFITS
In addition to the three main benefits listed above, PQQ provides other less, well-known benefits. PQQ may promote Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) synthesis, which can lead to more neuronal growth and survival. PQQ may also be able to improve fertility, though more studies are still needed to draw conclusive results. Further benefits from taking PQQ may be discovered as more research is conducted.
TAKING PQQ
If you want to add a PQQ supplement to your diet, it’s important to remember that a little goes a long way. Since it doesn’t take much PQQ to have an effect, most dosages are kept small. As a result, most people don’t have to worry about any PQQ side effects.
PQQ is a very effective nootropic that everyone should include in their stack of choice.
It may provide you with more energy, improved sleep, and an enhanced memory in addition to some possible other benefits. There’s a lot to be gained from taking PQQ.
Mitochondria provide our cells with energy (ATP) and regulate cellular metabolism. Researchers have looked extensively at the impact PPQ has on mitochondria and have found that PQQ can increase the number of mitochondria and even improve their efficiency. This is a big reason why PQQ is so beneficial.
PQQ BENEFITS
Having mitochondria that operate at peak performance is so important to living a healthy life, which means there are a number of benefits you can experience while taking PPQ. Here are some of the most noteworthy ones.
IMPROVED ENERGY
Since mitochondria produce energy for the cell, and PQQ helps mitochondria work more efficiently, there is an overall increase of energy within your cells. The unused cellular energy is transferred to other parts of your body. If you struggle to have energy to make it through the day, or you experience fatigue or lethargy, this added boost of energy from PPQ will be important to you.
One study found that participants who reported having problems with their energy, experienced a noticeable decrease in their fatigue after taking PQQ. If you’re looking for a boost to your energy, PQQ may help with that.
BETTER SLEEP
Participants in the study mentioned above also reported that they were able to sleep better after taking PQQ for 8 weeks. Prior to beginning the study, these patients had been experiencing sleeping problems. PQQ seems to reduce the amount of cortisol, or stress hormone, within patients and improve their sleep. While PQQ’s benefits to sleep haven’t been studied thoroughly, these initial results seem promising.
ENHANCING MEMORY
With a reduced amount of stress, researchers have begun to see improvements to memory. In this case, the combination of PQQ and CoQ10 may lead to memory enhancement and promoting cognitive health. CoQ10, like PQQ, is another nutrient that can offer support to the body’s mitochondria. Many patients often look at PQQ and CoQ10 as an either/or option, but taking one and ignoring the other may result in missing out on some big benefits.
OTHER BENEFITS
In addition to the three main benefits listed above, PQQ provides other less, well-known benefits. PQQ may promote Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) synthesis, which can lead to more neuronal growth and survival. PQQ may also be able to improve fertility, though more studies are still needed to draw conclusive results. Further benefits from taking PQQ may be discovered as more research is conducted.
TAKING PQQ
If you want to add a PQQ supplement to your diet, it’s important to remember that a little goes a long way. Since it doesn’t take much PQQ to have an effect, most dosages are kept small. As a result, most people don’t have to worry about any PQQ side effects.
PQQ is a very effective nootropic that everyone should include in their stack of choice.
It may provide you with more energy, improved sleep, and an enhanced memory in addition to some possible other benefits. There’s a lot to be gained from taking PQQ.
🌸
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https://michaelrucker.com/functional-supplements/pqq-foods/
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https://herbnutritionals.com/nutraceuticals/pqq/
https://michaelrucker.com/functional-supplements/pqq-foods/
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https://herbnutritionals.com/nutraceuticals/pqq/
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VITACOST - PQQ
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Jarrow Formulas Heart Health QH-absorb + PQQ -- 30 Softgels
$32.69
$1.09 per serving
Use code JARROW to save 15%
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VITACOST - PQQ
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Jarrow Formulas Heart Health QH-absorb + PQQ -- 30 Softgels
$32.69
$1.09 per serving
Use code JARROW to save 15%
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LIFE EXTENSION
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🌸
A behind-the-scenes look at the
longevity vitamin - like compound ...
PQQ
By Wen Zhu | Judith Klinman
🌸
https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/news/behind-scenes-look-longevity-vitamin
🌸
Calphonite™
is a unique scientifically formulated All-Natural liquid
Calcium Supplement
with the additional support of three essential minerals
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A behind-the-scenes look at the
longevity vitamin - like compound ...
PQQ
By Wen Zhu | Judith Klinman
🌸
https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/news/behind-scenes-look-longevity-vitamin
🌸
Calphonite™
is a unique scientifically formulated All-Natural liquid
Calcium Supplement
with the additional support of three essential minerals
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Calphonite
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PQQ has been found in fruits and vegetables, such as
papaya,
kiwi fruit,
spinach,
green pepper,
parsley,
celery ETC.
We love food, not only for the joy of eating and sharing meals, but also for the nutrients that our bodies depend on to thrive. Beyond the essential vitamins that everyone needs regularly, scientists have found more substances—classified as longevity vitamins—that could promote a long healthy life. With the increase of life expectancy around the globe, the emerging concept of a longevity "vitamin" has brought one compound into public attention: pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ).
Judith P. Klinman, a Professor of the Graduate School and Chancellor’s Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, is currently leading a collaborative team of researchers expanding the horizon of the science of PQQ biogenesis.
This month, researchers from Klinman’s lab published an in-depth study in the Journal of the American Chemical Society(link is external) that demonstrates the unique structural and functional properties of PqqE, one of the key enzymes in PQQ biogenesis.
A longevity vitamin - like compound ...
Many commonly known vitamins, such as vitamin C and vitamin B2, function as “redox-active” cofactors—a group of small molecules needed for catalyzing chemical conversions that drive the reactions happening in our bodies.
Vitamin C, for example, is an antioxidant that participates in the redox cycle,
helping to remove the toxic reaction by-products within the cell.
Like vitamin C, PQQ is also an enzyme cofactor that has redox properties.
Studies have shown that longevity vitamins, such as PQQ, may lower the risk of disease during aging, possibly via stimulating important cellular activities.
Understanding how PQQ is made in nature helps to unlock the molecular basis of the beneficial effects of PQQ. It also leads to other potential applications, such as new treatment for bacterial infections.
“PQQ belongs to a class of quinone cofactors,” Klinman says. “There is a whole family of quinone cofactors, but in all of those instances, the cofactor directly connects to the protein; PQQ is a free-standing cofactor.”
Bacteria produce PQQ for “digesting” alcohol and sugar to generate energy under certain conditions. For bacteria, producing PQQ is “a strategy to deliver electrons to electron transport chains that lead to ATP production,” which is crucial for bacteria survival. “There is an evolutionary benefit for bacteria to use PQQ,” Klinman says.
Although plants and animals do not make or directly use PQQ in the same way that bacteria do, researchers have found that PQQ promotes plant growth and improves mitochondria function and memory learning ability in animals.
If a human cell is a city, mitochondria are the power station that generates energy for the city to be functional. Mitochondria dysfunction causes many diseases in the aging process.
“I think there is no question that PQQ does have some beneficial physiological effects for animals, and it might be related to the crosstalk between other redox-active molecules, such as ascorbate (vitamin C), ” Klinman says. “It turns out that ascorbate can easily interact with PQQ”.
Since vitamin C is constantly used by the human cell for growth and repair, if PQQ interacts with vitamin C in humans, it might play a role in the cellular activity where vitamin C is needed in an indirect way.
Researchers have also found that PQQ regulates the activity of a human enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase, an enzyme participating in the process of energy production in many organs and tissues throughout the human body. More research on the molecular basis of the impact of PQQ in human health is still on-going.
A recipe for PQQ
Although PQQ exists in fruits, vegetables, and human breast milk, only bacteria can produce PQQ. For almost two decades, Klinman has been working on uncovering the “recipe” that bacteria use to make PQQ.
What makes the PQQ biogenesis unique to other known cofactors is that it is derived from a peptide—a short chain of amino acids. At least six genes--pqqA, pqqB, pqqC, pqqD, pqqE, and pqqF—directly contribute to the formation of PQQ in bacteria.
These genes are translated into a peptide and five proteins in bacteria. The peptide, PqqA, is the initial “ingredient,” and the rest of the proteins are the “tools” for making PQQ. Solving this “recipe” is not easy. It is like solving a puzzle without knowing the final picture; one has to figure out where to start and which step comes next.
Related information:
Structural Properties and Catalytic Implications of the SPASM Domain Iron–Sulfur Clusters in Methylorubrum extorquens PqqE
papaya,
kiwi fruit,
spinach,
green pepper,
parsley,
celery ETC.
We love food, not only for the joy of eating and sharing meals, but also for the nutrients that our bodies depend on to thrive. Beyond the essential vitamins that everyone needs regularly, scientists have found more substances—classified as longevity vitamins—that could promote a long healthy life. With the increase of life expectancy around the globe, the emerging concept of a longevity "vitamin" has brought one compound into public attention: pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ).
Judith P. Klinman, a Professor of the Graduate School and Chancellor’s Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, is currently leading a collaborative team of researchers expanding the horizon of the science of PQQ biogenesis.
This month, researchers from Klinman’s lab published an in-depth study in the Journal of the American Chemical Society(link is external) that demonstrates the unique structural and functional properties of PqqE, one of the key enzymes in PQQ biogenesis.
A longevity vitamin - like compound ...
Many commonly known vitamins, such as vitamin C and vitamin B2, function as “redox-active” cofactors—a group of small molecules needed for catalyzing chemical conversions that drive the reactions happening in our bodies.
Vitamin C, for example, is an antioxidant that participates in the redox cycle,
helping to remove the toxic reaction by-products within the cell.
Like vitamin C, PQQ is also an enzyme cofactor that has redox properties.
Studies have shown that longevity vitamins, such as PQQ, may lower the risk of disease during aging, possibly via stimulating important cellular activities.
Understanding how PQQ is made in nature helps to unlock the molecular basis of the beneficial effects of PQQ. It also leads to other potential applications, such as new treatment for bacterial infections.
“PQQ belongs to a class of quinone cofactors,” Klinman says. “There is a whole family of quinone cofactors, but in all of those instances, the cofactor directly connects to the protein; PQQ is a free-standing cofactor.”
Bacteria produce PQQ for “digesting” alcohol and sugar to generate energy under certain conditions. For bacteria, producing PQQ is “a strategy to deliver electrons to electron transport chains that lead to ATP production,” which is crucial for bacteria survival. “There is an evolutionary benefit for bacteria to use PQQ,” Klinman says.
Although plants and animals do not make or directly use PQQ in the same way that bacteria do, researchers have found that PQQ promotes plant growth and improves mitochondria function and memory learning ability in animals.
If a human cell is a city, mitochondria are the power station that generates energy for the city to be functional. Mitochondria dysfunction causes many diseases in the aging process.
“I think there is no question that PQQ does have some beneficial physiological effects for animals, and it might be related to the crosstalk between other redox-active molecules, such as ascorbate (vitamin C), ” Klinman says. “It turns out that ascorbate can easily interact with PQQ”.
Since vitamin C is constantly used by the human cell for growth and repair, if PQQ interacts with vitamin C in humans, it might play a role in the cellular activity where vitamin C is needed in an indirect way.
Researchers have also found that PQQ regulates the activity of a human enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase, an enzyme participating in the process of energy production in many organs and tissues throughout the human body. More research on the molecular basis of the impact of PQQ in human health is still on-going.
A recipe for PQQ
Although PQQ exists in fruits, vegetables, and human breast milk, only bacteria can produce PQQ. For almost two decades, Klinman has been working on uncovering the “recipe” that bacteria use to make PQQ.
What makes the PQQ biogenesis unique to other known cofactors is that it is derived from a peptide—a short chain of amino acids. At least six genes--pqqA, pqqB, pqqC, pqqD, pqqE, and pqqF—directly contribute to the formation of PQQ in bacteria.
These genes are translated into a peptide and five proteins in bacteria. The peptide, PqqA, is the initial “ingredient,” and the rest of the proteins are the “tools” for making PQQ. Solving this “recipe” is not easy. It is like solving a puzzle without knowing the final picture; one has to figure out where to start and which step comes next.
Related information:
Structural Properties and Catalytic Implications of the SPASM Domain Iron–Sulfur Clusters in Methylorubrum extorquens PqqE
🌸
In Parsley
the PQQ 34.2
🌸
In Parsley
the PQQ 34.2
🌸
🌸
🌸
Foods vs. Supplements?
🌸
Foods vs. Supplements?
🌸
This quote taken from the first food study supports that indeed, we probably do get some from what we eat:
Since the levels in human tissues and body fluids are 5-10 times lower than those found in foods, it is probably that PQQ existing in human tissues is derived, at least partly, from the diet.
Given our name Superfoodly, as you can probably guess we favor dietary sources first and foremost for obtaining nutrients.
However there are a few exceptions we make and this is one. Why? Because even the foods richest in PQQ really only have a negligible amount.
Think about it…
Take the median of that 5-10 range (which is 7.5) and calculate out how much food you would need to consume to even possibly raise your PQQ levels by a double-digit percentage.
Notice we use the word consume 25% more, not increase 25%.
To increase plasma levels by 25% from the median PQQ foods, you likely would need to consume far greater amounts since only a fraction may be absorbed during the digestive process.
Furthermore, if the amount PQQ declines with age even loosely correlates with CoQ10, one would need to increase by more than 25% just to offset those amounts.
By age 50 the heart already has around a 40% decrease in natural CoQ10 levels.
Since the levels in human tissues and body fluids are 5-10 times lower than those found in foods, it is probably that PQQ existing in human tissues is derived, at least partly, from the diet.
Given our name Superfoodly, as you can probably guess we favor dietary sources first and foremost for obtaining nutrients.
However there are a few exceptions we make and this is one. Why? Because even the foods richest in PQQ really only have a negligible amount.
Think about it…
Take the median of that 5-10 range (which is 7.5) and calculate out how much food you would need to consume to even possibly raise your PQQ levels by a double-digit percentage.
- Take a human that weighs 150 lbs.
- Using that 7.5x figure, the amount of PQQ in 20 lbs of food = same amount of PQQ in 150 lb human.
- That would mean to consume 25% more PQQ than your body’s natural level, you would need to eat 10 lbs of food!
- But it gets worse. What is the half life of PQQ? Only 3 to 5 hours (18). That means if you wanted to increase your PQQ levels by 25% around the clock, you would need to be consuming upwards of 30 to 60 lbs of food per day!
Notice we use the word consume 25% more, not increase 25%.
To increase plasma levels by 25% from the median PQQ foods, you likely would need to consume far greater amounts since only a fraction may be absorbed during the digestive process.
Furthermore, if the amount PQQ declines with age even loosely correlates with CoQ10, one would need to increase by more than 25% just to offset those amounts.
By age 50 the heart already has around a 40% decrease in natural CoQ10 levels.
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PQQ Revitalizes Aging Cells
Marsha McCulloch, MS, RD
🌸
https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2021/ss/pqq-aging-cells
🌸
PQQ Revitalizes Aging Cells
Marsha McCulloch, MS, RD
🌸
https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2021/ss/pqq-aging-cells
🌸
The mitochondria are referred to as the energy powerhouses of our cells.
But like parts in a machine, they become damaged and dysfunctional over time.1
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with an array of age-related health problems, including insulin resistance, macular degeneration, cognitive decline, and osteoarthritis.2-4
A compound called pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ) helps stimulate the creation of healthy new mitochondria.5-8
This has the potential to ward off multiple health issues including blood sugar dysregulation, neurodegeneration, and more.9-12
In an animal model used to study longevity, PQQ increased lifespan by an average of 30%.13,14
Consider including 10 mg to 20 mg of PQQ each day as part of an anti-aging program.
What Is PQQ?PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) is a water-soluble, vitamin-like compound found in plants, yeast, and certain bacteria.15
PQQ plays a key role in supporting mitochondria. These "power plants" of cells generate the energy that cells need to function.16
Mitochondria are critical regulators of cell processes, including immune system activation, cellular signaling, and inflammation.1,17,18
As we age, mitochondria become damaged.19 That can interfere with the function of many organs and tissues, especially ones with higher energy requirements. These include the heart, brain, retina, kidney, liver, pancreas, and musculoskeletal system.20
Supporting the Mitochondria
PQQ fortifies mitochondria in a few distinct ways:
PQQ boosts the synthesis of new mitochondria by activating a protein called PGC-1 alpha.11,26
In a study of healthy men who completed a 6-week aerobic training program, those given 20 mg of PQQ daily more than doubled their PGC-1 alpha levels. Men given a placebo had a significantly smaller increase of this mitochondrial-generating protein.6
In mouse models, PQQ helps undo the harm caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, reducing the tendency of chronic inflammation, and preventing oxidative damage.22,27
Promoting LongevityThe potential benefits of PQQ are so extraordinary, one of the world’s leading nutritional scientists has called it a "longevity vitamin."28
Increasing the number of healthy mitochondria can preserve youthful function and vitality.
Preclinical research has shown PQQ helps prevent or delay chronic, low-grade inflammation in cells. This inflammation is so closely tied to the aging process, it is sometimes referred to as inflammaging.29
When human lung cells were pretreated with PQQ and then exposed to inflammatory cytokines (signaling proteins), fewer dysfunctional senescent cells developed, compared to untreated cells.29 These senescent cells are a major driver of disease and accelerated aging.
Other research has shown PQQ promotes the activity of longevity genes.29 It also promotes resistance to oxidative stress, which helps ward off premature aging.13
These benefits add up. In a roundworm model used to study longevity, PQQ was found to increase lifespan by an average of 30%.13,14
Brain and Nerve Protection
Mitochondrial function is vital for the health of the brain, which uses about 20% of the energy of the body.16
Mitochondrial production and function are impaired in both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.30,31
Research suggests mitophagy is also impaired in these brain conditions.24
Animal models of Parkinson’s disease show PQQ reduces the loss of neurons that produce dopamine.32
This nerve messenger is essential for regulating movement of the body. Dopamine shortfalls lead to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty walking, hallmarks of Parkinson’s.33
Preclinical research has also shown that PQQ protects nerve cells from damage from beta-amyloid, a harmful protein that accumulates in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.34
An animal model suggests PQQ may even help reduce brain damage when taken before or shortly after a stroke.35
What you need to know
PQQ Promotes Health and Longevity
Improved Eye Health
Age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of blindness.8
Cell studies from eyes of human donors with macular degeneration show under-functioning mitochondria in the retinal pigment epithelium.8
Without enough energy, this tissue can’t do its job.8
Abnormal mitochondrial function is also frequently found in glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy
Retinopathy - Life Extension
Retinal damage, known as retinopathy, can severely and permanently impair vision and even lead to blindness. two other conditions that can lead to blindness.36
In a recent preclinical study, scientists used PQQ to treat retinal pigment epithelial cells from human organ donors who had age-related macular degeneration.8
About half of the tissue samples had a 50%–350% improvement in mitochondrial function of retinal pigment epithelial cells when PQQ was administered, compared to untreated donor cells.
Cells in the PQQ group also had a 59% increase in production of ATP, the energy currency that cells use.
PQQ also regulates antioxidant genes in the retinal cells, helping protect them from further damage.8
Preserving Metabolic HealthMitochondrial dysfunction can also contribute to metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.21,37,38
Scientists treated obese rats with PQQ for five weeks. These rats had been fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet to induce metabolic dysfunction.21
Compared to an untreated group of obese rats, PQQ significantly:
PQQ may also help prevent unhealthy heart enlargement, based on promising results from a cell-based model. This type of heart enlargement, known as cardiac hypertrophy, can be caused by excessive free radicals and inflammation.39
In this preclinical research, PQQ decreased free radicals in human heart cells by up to 50%. That could help reduce the risk of heart failure and other cardiac conditions.39
Averting Kidney and Liver Damage
High blood sugar and diabetes often lead to kidney damage. PQQ may help counteract these causes of kidney problems.
In an animal model of diabetes, rats given PQQ for four weeks had a significant decrease in free radicals in kidney tissue.40
Structural damage to the kidneys improved significantly and the kidneys worked better with PQQ, compared to the kidneys of untreated rats.
The liver is also vulnerable to the effects of metabolic dysfunction associated with diabetes and obesity.41
In a preclinical study of metabolic fatty liver disease, PQQ protected the liver from damaging fat accumulation. It did this by improving lipid metabolism, supporting the creation of new mitochondria, and boosting antioxidant protection.42
Supporting Musculoskeletal Health
Animal research has shown that PQQ can help combat the bone disease osteoporosis, in part by increasing antioxidant protection.43-45 Osteoporosis occurs when bone breakdown, a normal process, outpaces bone building.
One potential contributing factor for osteoporosis is an excess of free radicals that hastens bone breakdown. Hormone changes that happen with aging accelerate this process.45
In a postmenopausal animal model, PQQ was as effective as estrogen replacement at preventing bone loss—but without the side effects of hormone therapy.45
The antioxidant benefits of PQQ may also support the healing of bone fractures, according to another study using a postmenopausal animal model.27
Similarly, other research shows that the progression of osteoarthritis is related to oxidative stress.43
Cartilage cells are rich in mitochondria. Disruption of mitochondrial function increases oxidative stress and inflammation and damages the cartilage that cushions joints.46,47
In preclinical research, PQQ significantly decreased mitochondrial damage and dysfunction caused by inflammatory cytokines in the mitochondria of cartilage.48
Supporting mitochondrial health is crucial for healthy aging.
Summary
Mitochondria, the energy factories of cells, play a key role in regulating the aging process and promoting longevity.
As we age, our mitochondria tend to wear out and become less likely to be replaced.
PQQ is a vitamin-like compound that promotes the production of healthy new mitochondria. It is also a potent antioxidant.
By supporting mitochondria, PQQ promotes the health of organs that are especially vulnerable to energy deficits and oxidative stress, including the brain, eyes, and heart.
In an animal model, it increased longevity by 30%.
Consider taking 10 mg to 20 mg of PQQ daily as part of an anti-aging program.
If you have any questions on the scientific content of this article, please call a Life Extension Wellness Specialist at 1-866-864-3027.
References
But like parts in a machine, they become damaged and dysfunctional over time.1
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with an array of age-related health problems, including insulin resistance, macular degeneration, cognitive decline, and osteoarthritis.2-4
A compound called pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ) helps stimulate the creation of healthy new mitochondria.5-8
This has the potential to ward off multiple health issues including blood sugar dysregulation, neurodegeneration, and more.9-12
In an animal model used to study longevity, PQQ increased lifespan by an average of 30%.13,14
Consider including 10 mg to 20 mg of PQQ each day as part of an anti-aging program.
What Is PQQ?PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) is a water-soluble, vitamin-like compound found in plants, yeast, and certain bacteria.15
PQQ plays a key role in supporting mitochondria. These "power plants" of cells generate the energy that cells need to function.16
Mitochondria are critical regulators of cell processes, including immune system activation, cellular signaling, and inflammation.1,17,18
As we age, mitochondria become damaged.19 That can interfere with the function of many organs and tissues, especially ones with higher energy requirements. These include the heart, brain, retina, kidney, liver, pancreas, and musculoskeletal system.20
Supporting the Mitochondria
PQQ fortifies mitochondria in a few distinct ways:
- In animal models, it has been shown to enhance the action of enzymes that help mitochondria increase energy production.21,22
- In mice, it has improved mitophagy, the clearing out of defective mitochondria.23 Damaged mitochondria must be cleared to ensure cell survival.24
- It promotes the creation of healthy, new mitochondria to replace those that are damaged or dysfunctional.5,25
PQQ boosts the synthesis of new mitochondria by activating a protein called PGC-1 alpha.11,26
In a study of healthy men who completed a 6-week aerobic training program, those given 20 mg of PQQ daily more than doubled their PGC-1 alpha levels. Men given a placebo had a significantly smaller increase of this mitochondrial-generating protein.6
In mouse models, PQQ helps undo the harm caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, reducing the tendency of chronic inflammation, and preventing oxidative damage.22,27
Promoting LongevityThe potential benefits of PQQ are so extraordinary, one of the world’s leading nutritional scientists has called it a "longevity vitamin."28
Increasing the number of healthy mitochondria can preserve youthful function and vitality.
Preclinical research has shown PQQ helps prevent or delay chronic, low-grade inflammation in cells. This inflammation is so closely tied to the aging process, it is sometimes referred to as inflammaging.29
When human lung cells were pretreated with PQQ and then exposed to inflammatory cytokines (signaling proteins), fewer dysfunctional senescent cells developed, compared to untreated cells.29 These senescent cells are a major driver of disease and accelerated aging.
Other research has shown PQQ promotes the activity of longevity genes.29 It also promotes resistance to oxidative stress, which helps ward off premature aging.13
These benefits add up. In a roundworm model used to study longevity, PQQ was found to increase lifespan by an average of 30%.13,14
Brain and Nerve Protection
Mitochondrial function is vital for the health of the brain, which uses about 20% of the energy of the body.16
Mitochondrial production and function are impaired in both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.30,31
Research suggests mitophagy is also impaired in these brain conditions.24
Animal models of Parkinson’s disease show PQQ reduces the loss of neurons that produce dopamine.32
This nerve messenger is essential for regulating movement of the body. Dopamine shortfalls lead to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty walking, hallmarks of Parkinson’s.33
Preclinical research has also shown that PQQ protects nerve cells from damage from beta-amyloid, a harmful protein that accumulates in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.34
An animal model suggests PQQ may even help reduce brain damage when taken before or shortly after a stroke.35
What you need to know
PQQ Promotes Health and Longevity
- In aging cells, mitochondria become damaged, trigger inflammation, and produce insufficient energy.
- Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with many age-related health problems, including insulin resistance, macular degeneration, brain disorders, and joint pain.
- PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) is a compound that can promote the recycling of defective mitochondria and the creation of healthy, new mitochondria.
- In preclinical research, PQQ helps protect the health of the brain and eyes, reduce blood sugar and cholesterol, defend against kidney and liver damage, combat osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, and more.
- PQQ is sometimes referred to as a "longevity vitamin." In roundworms, it increased lifespan by an average of 30%.
Improved Eye Health
Age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of blindness.8
Cell studies from eyes of human donors with macular degeneration show under-functioning mitochondria in the retinal pigment epithelium.8
Without enough energy, this tissue can’t do its job.8
Abnormal mitochondrial function is also frequently found in glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy
Retinopathy - Life Extension
Retinal damage, known as retinopathy, can severely and permanently impair vision and even lead to blindness. two other conditions that can lead to blindness.36
In a recent preclinical study, scientists used PQQ to treat retinal pigment epithelial cells from human organ donors who had age-related macular degeneration.8
About half of the tissue samples had a 50%–350% improvement in mitochondrial function of retinal pigment epithelial cells when PQQ was administered, compared to untreated donor cells.
Cells in the PQQ group also had a 59% increase in production of ATP, the energy currency that cells use.
PQQ also regulates antioxidant genes in the retinal cells, helping protect them from further damage.8
Preserving Metabolic HealthMitochondrial dysfunction can also contribute to metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.21,37,38
Scientists treated obese rats with PQQ for five weeks. These rats had been fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet to induce metabolic dysfunction.21
Compared to an untreated group of obese rats, PQQ significantly:
- Improved blood sugar control, insulin levels, and insulin sensitivity,
- Lowered harmful inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha and IL-6, and
- Promoted healthier blood lipid levels, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL ("bad") cholesterol, and HDL ("good") cholesterol.
PQQ may also help prevent unhealthy heart enlargement, based on promising results from a cell-based model. This type of heart enlargement, known as cardiac hypertrophy, can be caused by excessive free radicals and inflammation.39
In this preclinical research, PQQ decreased free radicals in human heart cells by up to 50%. That could help reduce the risk of heart failure and other cardiac conditions.39
Averting Kidney and Liver Damage
High blood sugar and diabetes often lead to kidney damage. PQQ may help counteract these causes of kidney problems.
In an animal model of diabetes, rats given PQQ for four weeks had a significant decrease in free radicals in kidney tissue.40
Structural damage to the kidneys improved significantly and the kidneys worked better with PQQ, compared to the kidneys of untreated rats.
The liver is also vulnerable to the effects of metabolic dysfunction associated with diabetes and obesity.41
In a preclinical study of metabolic fatty liver disease, PQQ protected the liver from damaging fat accumulation. It did this by improving lipid metabolism, supporting the creation of new mitochondria, and boosting antioxidant protection.42
Supporting Musculoskeletal Health
Animal research has shown that PQQ can help combat the bone disease osteoporosis, in part by increasing antioxidant protection.43-45 Osteoporosis occurs when bone breakdown, a normal process, outpaces bone building.
One potential contributing factor for osteoporosis is an excess of free radicals that hastens bone breakdown. Hormone changes that happen with aging accelerate this process.45
In a postmenopausal animal model, PQQ was as effective as estrogen replacement at preventing bone loss—but without the side effects of hormone therapy.45
The antioxidant benefits of PQQ may also support the healing of bone fractures, according to another study using a postmenopausal animal model.27
Similarly, other research shows that the progression of osteoarthritis is related to oxidative stress.43
Cartilage cells are rich in mitochondria. Disruption of mitochondrial function increases oxidative stress and inflammation and damages the cartilage that cushions joints.46,47
In preclinical research, PQQ significantly decreased mitochondrial damage and dysfunction caused by inflammatory cytokines in the mitochondria of cartilage.48
Supporting mitochondrial health is crucial for healthy aging.
Summary
Mitochondria, the energy factories of cells, play a key role in regulating the aging process and promoting longevity.
As we age, our mitochondria tend to wear out and become less likely to be replaced.
PQQ is a vitamin-like compound that promotes the production of healthy new mitochondria. It is also a potent antioxidant.
By supporting mitochondria, PQQ promotes the health of organs that are especially vulnerable to energy deficits and oxidative stress, including the brain, eyes, and heart.
In an animal model, it increased longevity by 30%.
Consider taking 10 mg to 20 mg of PQQ daily as part of an anti-aging program.
If you have any questions on the scientific content of this article, please call a Life Extension Wellness Specialist at 1-866-864-3027.
References
- Rossmann MP, Dubois SM, Agarwal S, et al. Mitochondrial function in development and disease. Dis Model Mech. 2021 Jun 1;14(6).
- Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, et al. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2020 Nov;79:100858.
- He Y, Wu Z, Xu L, et al. The role of SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis in osteoarthritis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020 Oct;77(19):3729-43.
- Potenza MA, Sgarra L, Desantis V, et al. Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease: Might Mitochondrial Dysfunction Help Deciphering the Common Path? Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Aug 6;10(8).
- Naveed M. The Life History of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ): A Versatile Molecule with Novel Impacts on Living Systems. International Journal of Molecular Biology. 2016;1(1).
- Hwang PS, Machek SB, Cardaci TD, et al. Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Supplementation on Aerobic Exercise Performance and Indices of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Untrained Men. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020 Aug;39(6):547-56.
- Harris CB, Chowanadisai W, Mishchuk DO, et al. Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) alters indicators of inflammation and mitochondrial-related metabolism in human subjects. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Dec;24(12):2076-84.
- Ebeling MC, Polanco JR, Qu J, et al. Improving retinal mitochondrial function as a treatment for age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol. 2020 Jul;34:101552.
- Lu J, Chen S, Shen M, et al. Mitochondrial regulation by pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in Parkinson’s disease models. Neurosci Lett. 2018 Nov 20;687:104-10.
- Jornayvaz FR, Shulman GI. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Essays Biochem. 2010;47:69-84.
- Ames BN. Prolonging healthy aging: Longevity vitamins and proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Oct 23;115(43):10836-44.
- Wang Z, Chen GQ, Yu GP, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone protects mouse brain endothelial cells from high glucose-induced damage in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2014 Nov;35(11):1402-10.
- Wu JZ, Huang JH, Khanabdali R, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone enhances the resistance to oxidative stress and extends lifespan upon DAF-16 and SKN-1 activities in C. elegans. Exp Gerontol. 2016 Jul;80:43-50.
- Sasakura H, Moribe H, Nakano M, et al. Lifespan extension by peroxidase and dual oxidase-mediated ROS signaling through pyrroloquinoline quinone in C. elegans. J Cell Sci. 2017 Aug 1;130(15):2631-43.
- Jonscher KR, Rucker RB. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR, editors. Dietary Interventions in Liver Disease: Academic Press; 2019:157-73.
- Woo J, Cho H, Seol Y, et al. Power Failure of Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration and Its Computational Models. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Feb 3;10(2).
- Suarez-Rivero JM, Pastor-Maldonado CJ, Povea-Cabello S, et al. From Mitochondria to Atherosclerosis: The Inflammation Path. Biomedicines. 2021 Mar 5;9(3).
- Su YJ, Wang PW, Weng SW. The Role of Mitochondria in Immune-Cell-Mediated Tissue Regeneration and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 6;22(5).
- Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Revin VV, et al. Mitochondrial aging and age-related dysfunction of mitochondria. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:238463.
- Krako Jakovljevic N, Pavlovic K, Jotic A, et al. Targeting Mitochondria in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jun 21;22(12).
- Devasani K, Kaul R, Majumdar A. Supplementation of pyrroloquinoline quinone with atorvastatin augments mitochondrial biogenesis and attenuates low grade inflammation in obese rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020 Aug 15;881:173273.
- Jonscher KR, Stewart MS, Alfonso-Garcia A, et al. Early PQQ supplementation has persistent long-term protective effects on developmental programming of hepatic lipotoxicity and inflammation in obese mice. FASEB J. 2017 Apr;31(4):1434-48.
- Ma W, Zhang R, Huang Z, et al. PQQ ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy, mitophagy and fiber type transition induced by denervation via inhibition of the inflammatory signaling pathways. Ann Transl Med. 2019 Sep;7(18):440.
- Burtscher J, Millet GP, Place N, et al. The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jun 17;22(12).
- Zhang Q, Zhou J, Shen M, et al. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Inhibits Rotenone-Induced Microglia Inflammation by Enhancing Autophagy. Molecules. 2020 Sep 23;25(19).
- Scarpulla RC. Metabolic control of mitochondrial biogenesis through the PGC-1 family regulatory network. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Jul;1813(7):1269-78.
- Wu X, Zhou X, Liang S, et al. The mechanism of pyrroloquinoline quinone influencing the fracture healing process of estrogen-deficient mice by inhibiting oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Jul;139:111598.
- Zhu W, Klinman JP. Biogenesis of the peptide-derived redox cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2020 Dec;59:93-103.
- Hao J, Ni X, Giunta S, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone delays inflammaging induced by TNF-alpha through the p16/p21 and Jagged1 signalling pathways. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020 Jan;47(1):102-10.
- Popov LD. Mitochondrial biogenesis: An update. J Cell Mol Med. 2020 May;24(9):4892-9.
- Simmons EC, Scholpa NE, Schnellmann RG. Mitochondrial biogenesis as a therapeutic target for traumatic and neurodegenerative CNS diseases. Exp Neurol. 2020 Jul;329:113309.
- Cheng Q, Chen J, Guo H, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease model via AMPK activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021 May;42(5):665-78.
- Sonninen TM, Hamalainen RH, Koskuvi M, et al. Metabolic alterations in Parkinson’s disease astrocytes. Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 2;10(1):14474.
- Kim J, Kobayashi M, Fukuda M, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone inhibits the fibrillation of amyloid proteins. Prion. 2010 Jan-Mar;4(1):26-31.
- Zhang Y, Feustel PJ, Kimelberg HK. Neuroprotection by pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion in the adult rat. Brain Res. 2006 Jun 13;1094(1):200-6.
- Carrella S, Massa F, Indrieri A. The Role of MicroRNAs in Mitochondria-Mediated Eye Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:653522.
- Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Patti ME. Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;982:465-520.
- Morciano G, Patergnani S, Bonora M, et al. Mitophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med. 2020 Mar 24;9(3):892.
- Wen J, Shen J, Zhou Y, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone attenuates isoproterenol hydrochlorideinduced cardiac hypertrophy in AC16 cells by inhibiting the NFkappaB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2020 Mar;45(3):873-85.
- Zhang M, Zhang J, Xiong Y, et al. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Inhibits Oxidative Stress in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy. Med Sci Monit. 2020 Jun 27;26:e924372.
- Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Simoes ICM, Kalinowski P, et al. Mitochondria, oxidative stress and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A complex relationship. Eur J Clin Invest. 2021 May 29:e13622.
- Qiu K, Zhao Q, Wang J, et al. Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone on Lipid Metabolism and Anti-Oxidative Capacity in a High-Fat-Diet Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Chick Model. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb 1;22(3).
- Qin R, Sun J, Wu J, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents knee osteoarthritis by inhibiting oxidative stress and chondrocyte senescence. Am J Transl Res. 2019;11(3):1460-72.
- Wu X, Li J, Zhang H, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents testosterone deficiency-induced osteoporosis by stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(3):1230-42.
- Geng Q, Gao H, Yang R, et al. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Prevents Estrogen Deficiency-Induced Osteoporosis by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Osteocyte Senescence. Int J Biol Sci. 2019;15(1):58-68.
- de Sire A, Marotta N, Marinaro C, et al. Role of Physical Exercise and Nutraceuticals in Modulating Molecular Pathways of Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 27;22(11).
- Mao X, Fu P, Wang L, et al. Mitochondria: Potential Targets for Osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020 2020-November-26;7(808):581402.
- Han GT, Cai WS, Zhang YB, et al. Protective Effect of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone on TNF-alpha-induced Mitochondrial Injury in Chondrocytes. Curr Med Sci. 2021 Feb;41(1):100-7.
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🌸
PQQ Supplement Health Benefits
🌸
PQQ is an antioxidant and based on research, it shows to be more
powerful at fighting free radicals than vitamin C.
🌸
PQQ Supplement Health Benefits
🌸
PQQ is an antioxidant and based on research, it shows to be more
powerful at fighting free radicals than vitamin C.
🌸
PQQ Supplement Health Benefits ...
The science on PQQ is still young; most of the research has only been done in animal studies. While there are some human studies, it isn’t clear exactly how it can help your body. However, research shows that there may be some health benefits.
Antioxidant.
When your body breaks down food into energy, it also makes free radicals. Normally your body can get rid of free radicals, but if there are too many, they can cause damage, which can lead to chronic diseases. Antioxidants fight free radicals.
PQQ is an antioxidant and based on research, it shows to be more powerful at fighting free radicals than vitamin C. Antioxidants work better together, so it’s unclear if taking PQQ alone as a supplement can help stop any diseases.
Mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondria are the power centers of your cells. Problems with your mitochondria can lead to heart problems, diabetes, and cancer. Animal data shows that PQQ helps to make more mitochondria, but there isn’t very much research in humans.
One study tested PQQ supplements in men who did aerobic exercise for 6 weeks. It increased mitochondria by affecting certain proteins during exercise. Another study showed that dietary PQQ raised mitochondria activity.
Anti-diabetes.
Problems with mitochondria are part of what causes diabetes. Lifestyle choices like exercise, food, stress, and sleep affect mitochondrial health. Animal data shows that PQQ supplements fix mitochondrial problems from diabetes and make diabetic mice respond better to insulin. Yet, there isn’t any evidence that PQQ can help people with diabetes.
Inflammation. PQQ might lower inflammation by lowering the C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and other markers in your blood.
Nootropic.
Substances that help memory, attention, and learning are sometimes called nootropics. Studies show that PQQ raises blood flow to the cerebral cortex. This is the part of your brain that helps with attention, thinking, and memory. This supplement also may also memory problems in older people.
Sleep and mood.
PQQ might help with better and longer sleep. By easing fatigue, it might also help to improve moods.
While there is some research on PQQ, there isn’t enough evidence to know exactly whether any of these health benefits will help you.
The science on PQQ is still young; most of the research has only been done in animal studies. While there are some human studies, it isn’t clear exactly how it can help your body. However, research shows that there may be some health benefits.
Antioxidant.
When your body breaks down food into energy, it also makes free radicals. Normally your body can get rid of free radicals, but if there are too many, they can cause damage, which can lead to chronic diseases. Antioxidants fight free radicals.
PQQ is an antioxidant and based on research, it shows to be more powerful at fighting free radicals than vitamin C. Antioxidants work better together, so it’s unclear if taking PQQ alone as a supplement can help stop any diseases.
Mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondria are the power centers of your cells. Problems with your mitochondria can lead to heart problems, diabetes, and cancer. Animal data shows that PQQ helps to make more mitochondria, but there isn’t very much research in humans.
One study tested PQQ supplements in men who did aerobic exercise for 6 weeks. It increased mitochondria by affecting certain proteins during exercise. Another study showed that dietary PQQ raised mitochondria activity.
Anti-diabetes.
Problems with mitochondria are part of what causes diabetes. Lifestyle choices like exercise, food, stress, and sleep affect mitochondrial health. Animal data shows that PQQ supplements fix mitochondrial problems from diabetes and make diabetic mice respond better to insulin. Yet, there isn’t any evidence that PQQ can help people with diabetes.
Inflammation. PQQ might lower inflammation by lowering the C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and other markers in your blood.
Nootropic.
Substances that help memory, attention, and learning are sometimes called nootropics. Studies show that PQQ raises blood flow to the cerebral cortex. This is the part of your brain that helps with attention, thinking, and memory. This supplement also may also memory problems in older people.
Sleep and mood.
PQQ might help with better and longer sleep. By easing fatigue, it might also help to improve moods.
While there is some research on PQQ, there isn’t enough evidence to know exactly whether any of these health benefits will help you.
🌸
PQQ:
A Vital Nutrient for Mitochondrial
Health, Memory, & Metabolism
🌸
PQQ:
A Vital Nutrient for Mitochondrial
Health, Memory, & Metabolism
🌸
PQQ: A Vital Nutrient for Mitochondrial Health, Memory, & Metabolism
Michael T. Murray, ND
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a compound found in interstellar dust, that also acts to generate the spark of life in every living cell in our body; PQQ has nearly unlimited potential to improve human health. Specifically, PQQ is a novel vitamin-like compound that acts as a necessary active factor in the functioning of mitochondria. PQQ is showing a wide range of clinical benefits for brain and body function, based upon preclinical studies and initial clinical evaluation.
PQQ is a Vital NutrientPQQ stimulates growth and serves as a cofactor for a special class of enzymes involved in cellular function, including cellular growth, development, differentiation, and survival.1
PQQ is also as an extremely powerful antioxidant capable of catalyzing continuous cycling (the ability to perform repeated oxidation and reduction reactions) to a much greater degree than other antioxidants. For example, PQQ is able to carry out 20 000 catalytic conversions, compared to only 4 for vitamin C.1,2
Based upon the current research, there is no question that it plays a critical role in human nutrition.1,3 Omitting PQQ from chemically-defined diets in mammals leads to growth impairment, compromised immune status, and abnormal reproductive function.5
The nutritional requirements of PQQ are probably in line with folic acid and biotin, in terms of micrograms versus milligrams per day. Like essential nutrients, the immune system seems particularly sensitive to low levels of PQQ. Deprivation of PQQ leads to multiple defects in immune function and a reduced ability of white blood cells to respond properly.1
In regards to dietary sources, PQQ has been found in all plant foods analyzed to date.1 PQQ-rich foods include parsley, green peppers, kiwi fruit, papaya, and tofu.4 These foods contain about 2-3 µg per 100 g. Green tea provides about the same amount per 4-oz serving. These levels are far lower than the 10 to 20 mg dosage of PQQ used in clinical trials.
A Closer Look at PQQ Functions in Mitochondria
One key action of PQQ involves a direct action on key enzymes in mitochondria. As a result, PQQ improves energy production.1,6 In line with its powerful antioxidant effect, PQQ protects against mitochondrial damage.
However, PQQ not only protects mitochondria from oxidative stress, it also promotes the spontaneous generation of new mitochondria within aging cells – a process known as mitochondrial biogenesis, or mitochondriogenesis.1,6,7 This effect is a “fountain of youth” for mitochondrial function.
What are the Clinical Uses of PQQ?
Given PQQ’s nutritional importance and tremendous span of physiological effects, there are considerable benefits of PQQ in conditions that involve low mitochondrial function, including aging, many brain and neurological diseases (eg, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease), and many other chronic degenerative diseases.
Current research has primarily focused on its ability to protect memory and cognition in both aging animals and humans. Here are some of the effects noted in the animal studies:
PQQ Activates AMPk and Lowers LDL-C
PQQ activates AMPk, an enzyme that is found inside living cells that serves as a “master regulating switch” in energy metabolism. Low levels of AMPk activity are associated with:
Since PQQ activates AMPk, researchers believe that it is only a matter of time before clinical data is produced showing PQQ to be helpful for a long list of health challenges.
A recent study supports this statement. In a study using a safe form of PQQ produced through a natural fermentation process, clear benefits were observed that were attributed to the activation of AMPk by PQQ.18 In test subjects with an initial level of LDL-C greater than 140 mg/dL, 6 weeks of PQQ supplementation produced a statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol (from an average of 247 to 216 mg/dL) and LDL-C (from an average of 156 to 132 mg/dL). Results persisted at 12 weeks.18
PQQ Plus CoQ10 Improves Brain Function
While PQQ is somewhat effective on its own in improving brain function, when it is combined coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), even better results are observed. This synergistic effect was first seen in animal studies, and was further demonstrated in a human double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted in Japan in 2007.19
In this study of 71 middle-aged and elderly people age 40-70, supplementation with 20 mg per day of PQQ (the naturally-produced form mentioned above) resulted in improvements on tests of higher cognitive function compared to the placebo group; however, in the group receiving 20 mg of PQQ along with 300 mg of CoQ10, the results were even more dramatic.19 PQQ and CoQ10 are both involved in mitochondrial energy production, so these results are not that surprising.
PQQ Alone Improves Energy Metabolism
PQQ is active on its own, and in most people under 50 years of age there may be no need for simultaneous use of PQQ and CoQ10 unless the person is taking a drug like cholesterol-lowering statins that interfere with CoQ10 manufacture.
One human study used PQQ as a single agent in 10 subjects (5 females, 5 males) between the ages of 21 and 34 years.20 The subjects were given PQQ (the naturally-produced form) in a single dose (0.2 mg PQQ/kg body weight), after which multiple measurements were taken of plasma and urine PQQ levels and changes in antioxidant potential over a 48-hr period.20 Results indicated a significant increase in antioxidant potential after only this single dosage.
These same subjects had their blood measured for markers of inflammation (plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6), as well as urinary metabolites related to energy metabolism, before and 72 hours after being administered a daily dose of PQQ (0.3 mg PQQ/kg).20 PQQ supplementation resulted in significant decreases in CRP and IL-6. Furthermore, the changes in urinary metabolites were consistent with enhanced mitochondria-related functions. The data are among the first to link systemic effects of PQQ in animals to corresponding effects in humans.
Proper Dosage of PQQ
One question regarding PQQ is what is an effective dosage? Specifically, if the nutritional requirement of PQQ is likely less than 500 µg daily, then why is the recommended dosage 10 to 20 mg? In order to get a measured response in mitochondrial function in adult animals, it is necessary to feed them higher amounts of PQQ.
A good analogy is vitamin C: While only 8 to 15 mg of vitamin C might protect against the overt signs of scurvy, the recommended dietary allowance currently stands at 75 to 90 mg per day for optimal function (for adults, excluding pregnant and lactating women), and even higher amounts are required for clinical applications.
The current recommendation of 10 to 20 mg of PQQ per day is based upon the equivalent dose in animals that has consistently improved various mitochondrial functions. There are also some clinical and observational studies that justify this dosage, especially the 20 mg dosage, for enhancing memory.
Physicians need to be aware of different forms of PQQ on the marketplace. There is only 1 safe form available that is produced naturally. Other forms are produced through a chemical synthesis, involve the use of fairly toxic compounds, and have unresolved safety issues. As mentioned, the dosage recommendation for PQQ is 10 to 20 mg daily.
Michael T. Murray, ND
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a compound found in interstellar dust, that also acts to generate the spark of life in every living cell in our body; PQQ has nearly unlimited potential to improve human health. Specifically, PQQ is a novel vitamin-like compound that acts as a necessary active factor in the functioning of mitochondria. PQQ is showing a wide range of clinical benefits for brain and body function, based upon preclinical studies and initial clinical evaluation.
PQQ is a Vital NutrientPQQ stimulates growth and serves as a cofactor for a special class of enzymes involved in cellular function, including cellular growth, development, differentiation, and survival.1
PQQ is also as an extremely powerful antioxidant capable of catalyzing continuous cycling (the ability to perform repeated oxidation and reduction reactions) to a much greater degree than other antioxidants. For example, PQQ is able to carry out 20 000 catalytic conversions, compared to only 4 for vitamin C.1,2
Based upon the current research, there is no question that it plays a critical role in human nutrition.1,3 Omitting PQQ from chemically-defined diets in mammals leads to growth impairment, compromised immune status, and abnormal reproductive function.5
The nutritional requirements of PQQ are probably in line with folic acid and biotin, in terms of micrograms versus milligrams per day. Like essential nutrients, the immune system seems particularly sensitive to low levels of PQQ. Deprivation of PQQ leads to multiple defects in immune function and a reduced ability of white blood cells to respond properly.1
In regards to dietary sources, PQQ has been found in all plant foods analyzed to date.1 PQQ-rich foods include parsley, green peppers, kiwi fruit, papaya, and tofu.4 These foods contain about 2-3 µg per 100 g. Green tea provides about the same amount per 4-oz serving. These levels are far lower than the 10 to 20 mg dosage of PQQ used in clinical trials.
A Closer Look at PQQ Functions in Mitochondria
One key action of PQQ involves a direct action on key enzymes in mitochondria. As a result, PQQ improves energy production.1,6 In line with its powerful antioxidant effect, PQQ protects against mitochondrial damage.
However, PQQ not only protects mitochondria from oxidative stress, it also promotes the spontaneous generation of new mitochondria within aging cells – a process known as mitochondrial biogenesis, or mitochondriogenesis.1,6,7 This effect is a “fountain of youth” for mitochondrial function.
What are the Clinical Uses of PQQ?
Given PQQ’s nutritional importance and tremendous span of physiological effects, there are considerable benefits of PQQ in conditions that involve low mitochondrial function, including aging, many brain and neurological diseases (eg, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease), and many other chronic degenerative diseases.
Current research has primarily focused on its ability to protect memory and cognition in both aging animals and humans. Here are some of the effects noted in the animal studies:
- PQQ reverses cognitive impairment caused by chronic oxidative stress, and improves performance on memory tests1,8
- PQQ supplementation stimulates the production and release of nerve growth factor1,9
- PQQ protects against the self-oxidation of the DJ-1 gene, an early step in the onset of Parkinson’s disease1,10
- PQQ protects brain cells against oxidative damage in models of strokes1,11
- PQQ blocks the formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a major source of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that are so damaging to brain cells1,12
- PQQ protects against the likelihood of severe stroke in an experimental animal model for stroke1,13
- PQQ protects the brain against neurotoxicity induced by other powerful toxins, including mercury, glutamate, and oxidopamine (a potent neurotoxin used by scientists to induce Parkinsonism in laboratory animals)1,14,15
- PQQ prevents development of alpha-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson’s disease1,16
- PQQ also protects nerve cells from the damaging effects of the beta-amyloid protein linked with Alzheimer’s disease1,17
- PQQ lowers LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), presumably by activating AMP-kinase (AMPk)18
PQQ Activates AMPk and Lowers LDL-C
PQQ activates AMPk, an enzyme that is found inside living cells that serves as a “master regulating switch” in energy metabolism. Low levels of AMPk activity are associated with:
- Accelerated aging
- Chronic inflammation
- High blood cholesterol and triglycerides
- Increased visceral “belly” fat
- Insulin resistance
- Mitochondrial insufficiency and dysfunction
- Neurodegeneration
- Obesity
- Poor blood sugar control
Since PQQ activates AMPk, researchers believe that it is only a matter of time before clinical data is produced showing PQQ to be helpful for a long list of health challenges.
A recent study supports this statement. In a study using a safe form of PQQ produced through a natural fermentation process, clear benefits were observed that were attributed to the activation of AMPk by PQQ.18 In test subjects with an initial level of LDL-C greater than 140 mg/dL, 6 weeks of PQQ supplementation produced a statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol (from an average of 247 to 216 mg/dL) and LDL-C (from an average of 156 to 132 mg/dL). Results persisted at 12 weeks.18
PQQ Plus CoQ10 Improves Brain Function
While PQQ is somewhat effective on its own in improving brain function, when it is combined coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), even better results are observed. This synergistic effect was first seen in animal studies, and was further demonstrated in a human double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted in Japan in 2007.19
In this study of 71 middle-aged and elderly people age 40-70, supplementation with 20 mg per day of PQQ (the naturally-produced form mentioned above) resulted in improvements on tests of higher cognitive function compared to the placebo group; however, in the group receiving 20 mg of PQQ along with 300 mg of CoQ10, the results were even more dramatic.19 PQQ and CoQ10 are both involved in mitochondrial energy production, so these results are not that surprising.
PQQ Alone Improves Energy Metabolism
PQQ is active on its own, and in most people under 50 years of age there may be no need for simultaneous use of PQQ and CoQ10 unless the person is taking a drug like cholesterol-lowering statins that interfere with CoQ10 manufacture.
One human study used PQQ as a single agent in 10 subjects (5 females, 5 males) between the ages of 21 and 34 years.20 The subjects were given PQQ (the naturally-produced form) in a single dose (0.2 mg PQQ/kg body weight), after which multiple measurements were taken of plasma and urine PQQ levels and changes in antioxidant potential over a 48-hr period.20 Results indicated a significant increase in antioxidant potential after only this single dosage.
These same subjects had their blood measured for markers of inflammation (plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6), as well as urinary metabolites related to energy metabolism, before and 72 hours after being administered a daily dose of PQQ (0.3 mg PQQ/kg).20 PQQ supplementation resulted in significant decreases in CRP and IL-6. Furthermore, the changes in urinary metabolites were consistent with enhanced mitochondria-related functions. The data are among the first to link systemic effects of PQQ in animals to corresponding effects in humans.
Proper Dosage of PQQ
One question regarding PQQ is what is an effective dosage? Specifically, if the nutritional requirement of PQQ is likely less than 500 µg daily, then why is the recommended dosage 10 to 20 mg? In order to get a measured response in mitochondrial function in adult animals, it is necessary to feed them higher amounts of PQQ.
A good analogy is vitamin C: While only 8 to 15 mg of vitamin C might protect against the overt signs of scurvy, the recommended dietary allowance currently stands at 75 to 90 mg per day for optimal function (for adults, excluding pregnant and lactating women), and even higher amounts are required for clinical applications.
The current recommendation of 10 to 20 mg of PQQ per day is based upon the equivalent dose in animals that has consistently improved various mitochondrial functions. There are also some clinical and observational studies that justify this dosage, especially the 20 mg dosage, for enhancing memory.
Physicians need to be aware of different forms of PQQ on the marketplace. There is only 1 safe form available that is produced naturally. Other forms are produced through a chemical synthesis, involve the use of fairly toxic compounds, and have unresolved safety issues. As mentioned, the dosage recommendation for PQQ is 10 to 20 mg daily.
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