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Increasing Homicide Rates ...
Increasing Homicide Rates ...
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Increasing homicide rates
and linoleic acid consumption
- LONG - LC n - 3 FA -
among five Western countries ...
1961-2000
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"Long-chain (LC) n-3 fatty acids" and "omega-6 fatty acids"
refer to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs),
distinguished by the location of their
first double bond from the methyl end of the molecule.
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Increasing homicide rates
and linoleic acid consumption
- LONG - LC n - 3 FA -
among five Western countries ...
1961-2000
❖
"Long-chain (LC) n-3 fatty acids" and "omega-6 fatty acids"
refer to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs),
distinguished by the location of their
first double bond from the methyl end of the molecule.
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❖
Joseph R Hibbeln 1, Levi R G Nieminen, William E M Lands
DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1349-5
Clinical intervention trials and animal studies indicate that increasing dietary intakes of long chain n-3 FA or reducing linoleic acid intake may reduce aggressive and violent behaviors.
Here we examine if economic measures of greater n-6 consumption across time and countries correlate with greater risk of homicide.
Linoleic acid available for human consumption was calculated from World Health Organization disappearance data for 12 major seed oils in the food supply for the years 1961 to 2000 in Argentina, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States (US).
Homicide mortality rates, adjusted for age, were obtained from the central judicial authority of each country.
Apparent linoleic acid intake from seed oil sources ranged from 0.29 en% (percentage of daily food energy) (Australia 1962) to 8.3 en% (US 1990s).
Greater apparent consumption of linoleic acid correlated with higher rates of homicide mortality over a 20-fold range (0.51-10.2/100,000) across countries and time in an exponential growth regression model (r = 0.94, F = 567, P < 0.00001).
Within each country, correlations between greater linoleic acid disappearance and homicide mortality over time were significant in linear regression models.
Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine if reducing high intakes of linoleic acid by seed oils with alternative compositions can reduce the risk of violent behaviors.
These dietary interventions merit exploration as relatively cost-effective measures for reducing the pandemic of violence in Western societies, just as dietary interventions are reducing cardiovascular mortality.
Low linoleate diets may prevent behavioral maladies that correctional institutions, social service programs, and mental health providers intend to treat.
DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1349-5
Clinical intervention trials and animal studies indicate that increasing dietary intakes of long chain n-3 FA or reducing linoleic acid intake may reduce aggressive and violent behaviors.
Here we examine if economic measures of greater n-6 consumption across time and countries correlate with greater risk of homicide.
Linoleic acid available for human consumption was calculated from World Health Organization disappearance data for 12 major seed oils in the food supply for the years 1961 to 2000 in Argentina, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States (US).
Homicide mortality rates, adjusted for age, were obtained from the central judicial authority of each country.
Apparent linoleic acid intake from seed oil sources ranged from 0.29 en% (percentage of daily food energy) (Australia 1962) to 8.3 en% (US 1990s).
Greater apparent consumption of linoleic acid correlated with higher rates of homicide mortality over a 20-fold range (0.51-10.2/100,000) across countries and time in an exponential growth regression model (r = 0.94, F = 567, P < 0.00001).
Within each country, correlations between greater linoleic acid disappearance and homicide mortality over time were significant in linear regression models.
Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine if reducing high intakes of linoleic acid by seed oils with alternative compositions can reduce the risk of violent behaviors.
These dietary interventions merit exploration as relatively cost-effective measures for reducing the pandemic of violence in Western societies, just as dietary interventions are reducing cardiovascular mortality.
Low linoleate diets may prevent behavioral maladies that correctional institutions, social service programs, and mental health providers intend to treat.
What is long chain n-3 FA ?
Long chain n-3 fatty acids (LC n-3 FA) are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) with a chain length of 20 or more carbon atoms, characterized by a double bond at the third carbon from the methyl end.
"Long-chain (LC) n-3 fatty acids" and "omega-6 fatty acids" refer to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), distinguished by the location of their first double bond from the methyl end of the molecule.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8007408/. - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15736917/
Long chain n-3 fatty acids (LC n-3 FA) are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) with a chain length of 20 or more carbon atoms, characterized by a double bond at the third carbon from the methyl end.
"Long-chain (LC) n-3 fatty acids" and "omega-6 fatty acids" refer to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), distinguished by the location of their first double bond from the methyl end of the molecule.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8007408/. - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15736917/
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LONG - LC n - 3 FA
"LC n-3 fats" refers to
long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
(LC n-3 PUFAs).
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Where to find them ...
Fatty Fish:
Oily fish like salmon, mackerel, sardines, and tuna are sources.
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Alpha - linolenic acid (ALA)
is an essential omega-3 fatty acid found in certain plant-based foods.
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Where to find them ...
ALA:
ALA is found in plant-based sources like flaxseed, walnuts, and leafy green vegetables.
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LONG - LC n - 3 FA
"LC n-3 fats" refers to
long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
(LC n-3 PUFAs).
❖
Where to find them ...
Fatty Fish:
Oily fish like salmon, mackerel, sardines, and tuna are sources.
❖
Alpha - linolenic acid (ALA)
is an essential omega-3 fatty acid found in certain plant-based foods.
❖
Where to find them ...
ALA:
ALA is found in plant-based sources like flaxseed, walnuts, and leafy green vegetables.
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Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid found in certain plant-based foods.
It is considered "essential" because the human body cannot produce it, and it must be obtained through diet.
ALA is important for growth, development, and overall health.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
It is considered "essential" because the human body cannot produce it, and it must be obtained through diet.
ALA is important for growth, development, and overall health.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
- Conversion to EPA and DHA:
While ALA is an omega-3, the body can convert it into other omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are also important for health. However, the conversion rate of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited.
- Health Benefits:
ALA is believed to play a role in maintaining cardiovascular health, potentially reducing the risk of heart disease and blood clots. It also contributes to normal growth, development, and vision.
- Adequate Intake:
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends an adequate intake of ALA between 1,100 and 1,600 mg per day.
- Essential Fatty Acid:
ALA is one of the two essential fatty acids for humans, the other being linoleic acid (LA) (an omega-6 fatty acid). - Plant-Based Source:
ALA is primarily found in plant-based foods like flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, walnuts, and certain vegetable oils.
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